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The History of Tunisia is subdivided into the following articles: *Outlines of early Tunisia *History of Punic era Tunisia *History of Roman era Tunisia *History of early Islamic Tunisia *History of medieval Tunisia *History of Ottoman-era Tunisia *History of French-era Tunisia *History of modern Tunisia ==Names== Tunisia, al-Jumhuriyyah at-Tunisiyyah, is a sovereign republic. Yet the country's proper name has changed radically more than once over the course of millennia. Hence, such a term as "ancient Tunisia" is frankly anachronistic. Nonetheless, "Tunisia" is used throughout this history for continuity. Undoubtedly, the most ancient Berbers had various names for their land and settlements here, one early Punic-era Berber name being Massyli.〔Massyli is mentioned early as a Berber Kingdom immediately west of Carthage. After the Second Punic War, Massyli and Masaesyli (its western neighbor) were combined to form Numidia. Brett & Fentress, ''The Berbers'' (1996) at 25-26. Possibly Massyli is related to the word ''Imazighen'' by which many modern Berbers refer to themselves. Cf., Brett and Fentress (1996) at 5-6. During the medieval period all the lands of old "Numidia" were considered under Tunis; later the Ottomans detached "Masaesyli" lands near Constantine, which now lie in Algeria.〕〔Stéphane Gsell, ''Histoire ancienne de L'Afrique du Nord'' (Paris: Librairie Hachette 1927) at tome V: 95-96. About ''Masaesyles'' and ''Massyles'', Gsell states, "Cet deux noms sont certainement indigènes." (two names are certainly indigenous ).〕 After the Phoenicians arrived, their city of Carthage evolved to assume a dominant position over much of the western Mediterranean; this city-state gave its name to the region.〔The original Phoenician name was ''Qart Hadasht'', literally "town new". Accordingly the Greeks called it ''Karkhedon'', and later to the Romans it was ''Carthago''. Serge Lancel, ''Carthage'' (Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard 1992), translated as ''Carthage. A history'' (Oxford: Blackwell 1995) at 21-22, 429.〕 Following the Punic Wars, the Romans established here their Province of Africa, taking the then not-widely-known name of ''Africa'' from a Berber word for 'the people'.〔J. A. Ilevbare, ''Carthage, Rome and the Berbers'' (University of Ibadan 1981) at 177. The name ''Africa'', of course, in time came to refer to the entire continent.〕〔In the Roman era, note the name of the 2nd-century Latin playwright of Berber heritage, Publius Terentius Afer (English: Terence). ''Afer'' is derived from his ancestral loyalties. H. J. Rose, ''A Handbook of Latin Literature'' (London: Methuen 1936, 3d ed. 1954; reprint Dutton 1960) at 52.〕 After the Arab and Muslim conquest, this name continued in use, as the region was called in Arabic ''Ifriqiya''. Its capital was relocated to the newly built city of Kairouan.〔The Fatimids later moved the capital of Ifriqiya to Mahdia, a city they founded, but then the Zirids returned it to Kairouan. Kenneth L. Perkins, ''Tunisia. Crossroads of the Islamic and European Worlds'' (Boulder, Colorado: Westview 1986) at 27 (Ifriqiya & Kairouan), 35 (Fatimids: Mahdia), 39-44 (Zurids: Kairouan), 44-46 (Almohads: Tunis).〕 In the twelfth century the Berber Almohads ( or Al Muwahhidun ) conquered the country and began to rule it from Tounes (), an ancient but until-then unimportant city, which thus rose to become the capital.〔Known since the 4th century B.C., when it was called ''Thunès'' or ''Tynes''. Abdelaziz Daoulatli, ''Tunis. Capitale de hafseds'' (Tunis: Alif - les Éditions de la Méditerranée 2009) at 10.〕〔The ''Tunes'' of the Phoenicians, the ''Tunesium'' of the Romans, is the ''Tunis'' of today. Graham Petrie, ''Tunis, Kairouan & Carthage'' (London: Wm. Heinemann 1908; reprint 2003) at 15.〕 The whole country then came to be called ''Tounes'' after this city (near the ruins of ancient Carthage). Tunis continued as the capital under Turkish rule, and remains so today. Only in the last years of the nineteenth century, under the French protectorate, did the current name ''Tunisie'' (French ) from ''Tounes'' (Arabic ), (Tunisia (English )), come into wide use.〔Lisa Anderson, ''State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya'' (Princeton University 1987) at 13.〕〔However, also in the Spanish language, ''Túnez'' has remained the name for both the city and for the republic. ''Pequeno Larousse illustrado'' (Paris: Larousse 1972) at 1615.〕 During these millennia of history the different civilizations and regimes flourished, and the country has been called by various names. These include: Massyli, Carthage, Africa, Ifriqiya, Tounes, Tunisia. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Tunisia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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